Dr Shafer
Walgren
goes through the basic terminlogy and equipment, Dr Shafer has brought equipment to show the jurors
0.9% sodium chloryde bag (saline bag) : it's salt water. Used for patients who are dehydrated . Gives the patient fluid, it's an «* IV gatorade*». Similar to the white substance in blood. Always used in anesthesia to get a drug into a vein. A saline bag is always running to get drugs in. Shows a port in the lower part of the bag : you can insert a syringe, mix drugs. Rubber that seals when there is no needle. Rubber for a spike at the bottom of he bag : the spike gets the saline out of the bag into a tube.
IV : saline bag and tubing (whole IV set up).
IV injection : injection into the tubing, or into the vein. Describes the route used for the drug.
2 ways of giving drugs : shoot the whole thing all at once = bolus. Infusion = drip
Drip : no used by doctor, used for lay audience. Professional word for drip is infusion. Drip = drop by drop.
Propofol vial, shows how to remove drug from vial. Vial has a rubber stopper wih a foil over it. Showing a propofol vial. 100 ml = 1000 mg; Vial made of glass, sterile. Rubber stopper at the top. Has to go throgh the rubber with a needle, or with a spike.
A saline bag gets smaller when saline comes out, it shrinks. Propofol vials are made of glass, they don't shrink, you have to get air into the vial to be able to get propofol out.
Walgren show the jury shows another propofol bottle for demonstration :
Dr Shafer shows how you take the drug out of the vial :
Removes the foil, exposes the stopper
Walgren gives a syringe and a needle to dr shafer. A 20cc syringe , pushes the plunger to the maximum (makes an airtight seal inside the syringe)
Sticks the syringe into the vial, and shows that this way you can draw very little propofol, it's hard, has to put air into the syringe ; takes the syringe out, pulls the plunger back, injects the air into the vial, and now can pull the propofol out. Needs to replace the vacuum in the vial with air.
Stopper now has a very small hole.
Now talking about People's thirty (propofol bottle found at Mjs home, in the saline bag with the tear) : rubber not so good quality, desnt self seal. The line in the stopper indicates that a spike, not a needle, was used, and so it was connected to an infusion line; A needle would never do that. That's what you expect to see from a spike.
Dr Shafer has evaluated the standard of care provided by murray to MJ
Dr Shafer has made a video for his case, to demonstrate what is necessary for sedation, even for 25mg propofol.
Playing the video : «*an over view of safe administration of sedation*»
1 st prepration of the room, checks the equiment. Shows airway equiment tube for the throat (if the tongue blocks airway), a nose to throat tube. Shows a laringoscope, if previous equipment didn't work an you need to intubate . Endotracheltube : gets air directly into the windpipe. You need a laringoscope to put the endotracheal tube. Dr Shafer says the most imptant part of or job is to get air to the patient.
Laryngeal (spelling ???) mask airway : goes in the back of throat, wraps around the larynx , so there's an unimpeded flow of air and oxygen into the lungs. Insists it's the most importat part of the job.
Organisation is important, you have to respond in a matter of seconds.
Primary oxygen delivery : checks if the oxygen supply work.
Nasal cannula /capnometer : one small tube per nostril : one tubing contains oxygen, the other measures carbon dyoxide and is connected to a capnometer. Checks with his own breath to check that it works.
Anesthesia breathing circuit : something has got to move the air in the patient. Normally it's the diaphragm and the chest. If the patient is not brething you have to do it for him. Shows mask and bag, to push the air into the lungs. Checks that its working.
Suction apparatus : is essential : the fear is that the content of the stomach gets into the lungs. Acidity will destroy the lungs, bile in the lungs is very feared, because it destroys the lungs quickly. If bile gets into the lungs, the patient can die. That's why you don't eat or drink prior to an anesthesia. If it happens, you have to be very fast, romove evrything, before the next breath. Checks the suction apparatus. The anesthesiologist is responsible for the equipment, has to check before sedating the patient.
Oxygen tank : back up in case the oxygen circuit fails. Has a bag attached to it. If for some reason the breathing circuit fails, you have two ways to force air into the lungs
Setting up infusion pump : pump is a mechanical device that will set the rate precisely. The pump needs to be setup very preciseley. Takes 5 to 10 mn to set.
Propofol : 100 ml galss vial. Remove the foil , draws into a syringe. First pulls air into the syringe, takes multiple draws to fill the syringe, takes a few moments. Insists on the fact that it's not easy to draw propofol from the vial.
Narrow tubing : les 1 cc of propofol in the whole tubing. Wide tubing is problem cause it can expand or «*shrink*» or fold (not sure I got that right, it's the general idea).
Loads syringe into the pump (the pump will push the plunger automatically)
programms the pump : chooses the drug (propofol OR), (and by the way you saw that midazolam was in the settings of the pump ), enters the weight of patient, sets initial infusion rate. Then verifies the settings again.
Then goes to see the patient, to assess the patient. Wether you do it before or after the room setting , you always assess the patient. Anesthesiologist is repsonsible for knowing his patient. Makes a physical examination, first thing is airway, listens to the lungs, checks the heart. Always done for each procedure, for every patient. No exception.
Informed consent : that's the doc you sign, and the process in which the physician informs of possible risks, the foreseeabale risks; you need to be able to suggests alternative treatment if needed. Physician explains what he is going to do, answers questions from patient. Not oly a doc, it's a whole process The document is important, it shows that the process has been done. Oral consent is not binding, and is not recognised, doesn't exist.
Not shown in video : patient put on table. blood pressure cuff, pulse oximeter, ECG are put on patient. Oxygen in place, intravenous catheter is put into the patient. Pauses to verify again , one last check before injecting he propofol.
Pulse oximeter is on patient, infusion pump is set, airways equipment right nest to the patient, nasal cannula on the patient, infusion pump is started.
Popofol is injected; Anesthesiologist is close, can touch the patient, taps shoulder to check if patient is sleepy. Anesthesits writes down everything : pulse oximetry, BP, heart rate, drugs , everything.
Charts is part of therapy : used to keep track of drugs, tracks of vital signs. If there a problem, you can go back and see what happened; patient might need it. It's a responsability to the patient
Anesthesists checks the patient , shows the monitor , with the vital signs. Vital signs in this case are normal.
Checks the infsion pump.
Checks he saline carrier infusion : shows the spike in place. You can see the drip in a chamber;
Writes down things on the chart again.
BP drops : sees that every day, propofol lowers BP. Especially if the patient is dehydtated. It's no big deal. Gives ephedrine, through the IV line, and flows into the patient along with the saline. BP comes back up.
Carbon dyoxide : Carbon dyoxide stops, means the patient is not exhaling. Shows the airway is obstructed. Anethesiologist knows in seconds
Jaw thrust / Chin lift : shows how it's done. It's done routinely. Most commonly the tongue comes out of the way and patient breathes. If doesn't work , you grab the jaw and push it foward.
Nasal cannula, if you need you push oxigen into the lungs until the patient breathes.
Apnea : it's a prolonged period with no breathing; patient is not even trying to breath; you have to take over and force the air into the lungs. Applies the mask and squeezes bag to force oxygen into the lungs.
Aspiration (not shown) : patient starts to vomit : patient is turned sideways, before he next breath you need to suction everything out. It is critically imprtant. No more than one second to react.
Cardiac arrest : heart stops beating, patient is not bretahing. You have to respond instantly. Instant assessment of patient, to make sure the monitor has not failed. and calls for help. First thing you learn in BLS, ACLS , or as anethesiologist is to call for help. One person begins CPR, another person is ventilating, another gives specific medication. All this will keep the patient alive enough time to fix the problem that caused the arrest. This continues until the patient revives, or is pronouced dead.
Lunch break
great great great witness, very easy to understand