Dr White
Flanagan
is retired, still consulting, still involved in research project. Retired last september. Was an anesthesiologist, researched acute pain management
Education : Berkeley, majored in biochemistry in 1970, worked as research chemist for 1 year, biochemical research for 6 months, had a renal problem, it picked his interest in medical research, studied pharmacology, phd in pharmacology and medical degree in 1977. Internship in internal medicine in San Francisco, 2 years second residency in anesthesiology, professor of anesthesia , studied for about 10 years.
Board certified in inernal medecine and anesthesia.
Professor of anesthsia in 2 different universities
directs research in anesthesiology in Cedars Sinai, LA
Received 25 awards. Gives lectures in pharmaocolgy in neural drugs, anesthesiolgy for ambulatory surgery, acute pain management
Ambulatory surgery : patient is discharged same day or less than 24h
Director of ambulatory and outpatient anesthesiology : researched drugs & techniques that would facilitate the recovery of the patients. Medicine used at the time for anesthesia had side effects (hangover, nausea , vomiting).
Dr White was introduce to propofol by a european doctor, at the time emulsion of propofol created allergies,propofol was withdrawn.
Dr White suggested a fatty emlsion to avoid allergies. Developed a protocol, sarted the study in 1983, 1984. A protocol is a template of the study : aim of the study, criteria, methodology, etc.... Took 6 months to do the protocol, did it on his own, with medical students. Recruited 2 Stanford students, and started the study : aim was to compare propofol to barbiturates for induction and maintenance of anesthesia.
Had published 15 papers at the time
In the US, induction of anesthesia was IV, maintenance was through gaseous or volatile medication , Dr White has studied IV anesthesia (induction and maintenance)
435 articles published on pub med
propofol has 50% less side effects than other anesthetics used at the time
started to work on propofol in 1983, propofol was FDA approved in 1986
shows 36 studies Dr White has done about propofol.
Met the Shafers at Stanford, the Shafers were students.
Has studied midazolam (2 studies)
18 studies involving benzodiazepines
has written 15 books, 2 of them are text books about anesthesia
Has written 21 chapters about propofol
for this case, was contacted by Flanagan in january 2011. h
Had heard of CM. Didn't want to get involved in a case about the death of an icon, doesn't like the attention. As a specialist in opiates, anesthesia, benzodiazepines, agreed to review the docs.
Can not justify the elephant in the room : CM infused propofol to MJ , anbandoned his patient
His first evaluation was based on CM police interview, autopsy report, 13 experts opinions
Was perplexed : if CM had done what he said he did in hie police interview, MJ wouldn't have died
Asked to meet CM.
Did you meet CM ? Obection, sustained, sidebar requested by Walgren
Then flew to LA, met Flanagan and Chernoff, agreed to participate.
Was given the transcipts of the prelimanary hearing.
Gave conclusions in a letter, that he doesn't currently hold. Oral consumption was a speculation, based on other experts testimony; was not aware of oral availability , searched the wrong terms «*oral administration (? not sure )*»
Was not aware of the studies about oral bioavailability , became aware of them through dr Shafer's report.
Dr shafer himself drank propofol, felt bad about it
Has issues with chilean study : there was no blind test, one of the subjet (Dr Sepulveda) had 2mg/ml after 2mn, levels similar to MJs , suspects transmucosis absorbstion (through the mouth an oesophagus) , agrees there si no absortion by the stomach.
Did an animal study , inserted a tube into their stomachs, the result negative , there was no harm done to the animals. Did not publish that study, thought it was not useful.
Talked with dr Shafer, about the subject who had 2mg/ml, they agreed it was transmucosis tranmission, they thought of doing a lollipop to sedate patients non invasively .
Pharmaco dynamics and variability
PD = dose to blood level
Use model to calculate a blood level from a dose. But it can vary from the model in a certain range : Example : for the same dose of propofol , you could get a blood level from 1mg/ ml to 5 mg/ml
pharmacokinetics and variability
PK = blood level to effect
same thing with effects : effects vary from patient to patient for the same blood level.
Shows an example (graphs), effects some patients are correctly or incorrectly anesthesised with very different blood levels
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